"Reflection upon situationality is reflection about the very condition of existence: critical thinking by means which people discover each other to be 'in a situation'. (Paulo Freire, "Pedagogia do oprimido" ["Pedagogy of the Oppressed"], 1968)
"Critical thinking, in short, offers the way to keep science and technology in harness." (Kenneth Ludmerer, "Learning to Heal: The Development of American Medical Education", 1985)
"Critical thinking is a type of thinking pattern that requires people to be reflective, and pay attention to decision-making which guides their beliefs and actions. Critical thinking allows people to deduct with more logic, to process sophisticated information and look at various sides of an issue so they can produce more solid conclusions." (Joan Baron & Robert Sternberg, "Book Reviews and Notes : Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice", 1987)
"Critical thinking does seem a superior sort of thinking because it seems as though the critic is actually going beyond the scope of what is being criticized in order to criticize it. That is only rarely a true assumption because, most often, the critic will seize on some little aspect that he or she understands and tackle only that." (Edward de Bono, "I Am Right, You are Wrong", 1990)
"Thinking about one's thinking in a manner designed to organize and clarify, raise the efficiency of, and recognize errors and biases in one's own thinking. Critical thinking is not 'hard' thinking nor is it directed at solving problems (other than 'improving' one's own thinking). Critical thinking is inward-directed with the intent of maximizing the rationality of the thinker. One does not use critical thinking to solve problems- one uses critical thinking to improve one's process of thinking." (Kirby Carmichael, [letter] 1997)
"The purpose of critical thinking [...] is rethinking: that is, reviewing, evaluating, and revising thought." (Jon Stratton, Critical Thinking for College Students, 1999)
[critical thinking:] "The evaluation of ideas, sources, or solutions that are proposed as potential resources or solutions to unusual problems or to product design." (Ruth C Clark, "Building Expertise: Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance Improvement", 2008)
"Critical thinking is essentially a questioning, challenging approach to knowledge and perceived wisdom. It involves ideas and information from an objective position and then questioning this information in the light of our own values, attitudes and personal philosophy." Brenda Judge et al, "Critical Thinking Skills for Education Students", 2009)
[critical thinking:] "Evaluation of products and ideas, such as critiquing an e-learning course or preparing an argument for a position." (Ruth C Clark & Richard E Mayer, "e-Learning and the Science of Instruction", 2011)
[critical thinking:] "Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or contextual considerations upon which that judgment is based" (Peter A Facione, "Critical Thinking: What It is and Why It Counts", 2011)
[critical thinking:] "A process in which one applies observation, analysis, inference, context, reflective thinking, and the like, in order to reach judgments. Such judgments should be open to alternative perspectives that may not normally be otherwise considered." (Project Management Institute, "Navigating Complexity: A Practice Guide", 2014)
[critical thinking:] "The ability to use your personal experience, logical thought processes, and creativity to analyze and evaluate situations. Further, critical thinking allows you to use the information gathered to reach a conclusion or answer." (Darril Gibson, "Effective Help Desk Specialist Skills", 2014)
[critical thinking:] "Thinking that is characterized by careful evaluation and judgment; this involves thinking about one’s thinking (metacognition). Critical thinking may involve examining contradictory lines of reasoning and/or using different lines of reasoning to cross-examine alternatives." (Ken Sylvester, "Negotiating in the Leadership Zone", 2015)
[critical thinking:] "Evaluation of products and ideas such as critiquing an e-learning course or preparing an argument for a position." (Ruth C Clark & Richard E Mayer, "e-Learning and the Science of Instruction", 2016)
[critical thinking:] "The capacity of an individual to effectively engage in a process of making decisions or solving problems by analyzing and evaluating evidence, arguments, claims, beliefs, and alternative points of view; synthesizing and making connections between information and arguments; interpreting information; and making inferences using reasoning appropriate to the situation." (Yigal Rosen & Maryam Mosharraf, "Evidence-Centered Concept Map in Computer-Based Assessment of Critical Thinking", 2016)
"A more detailed, but still uncontroversial comprehensive, definition is that philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value)." (Anthony Quinton)
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