"This making or imagining of models (not necessarily or
usually a material model, but a conceptual model) is a recognised way of
arriving at an understanding of recondite and ultra-sensual occurring say in
the ether or elsewhere." (Hugh MacColl, Mind: a quarterly review of psychology
and philosophy Vol. 14, 1905)
"Mere deductive logic, whether you clothe it in mathematical
symbols and phraseology or whether you enlarge its scope into a more general
symbolic technique, can never take the place of clear relevant initial concepts
of the meaning of your symbols, and among symbols I include words. If you are
dealing with nature, your meanings must directly relate to the immediate facts
of observation. We have to analyse first the most general characteristics of
things observed, and then the more casual contingent occurrences. There can be
no true physical science which looks first to mathematics for the provision of
a conceptual model. Such a procedure is to repeat the errors of the logicians
of the middle-ages." (Alfred N Whitehead, "Principle of Relativity", 1922)
"The 'physical' does not mean any particular kind of reality,
but a particular kind of denoting reality, namely a system of concepts in the
natural sciences which is necessary for the cognition of reality. 'The
physical' should not be interpreted wrongly as an attribute of one part of
reality, but not of the other ; it is rather a word denoting a kind of
conceptual construction, as, e.g., the markers 'geographical' or
'mathematical', which denote not any distinct properties of real things, but
always merely a manner of presenting them by means of ideas." (Moritz Schlick, "Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre", 1925)
"The rule is derived inductively from experience, therefore
does not have any inner necessity, is always valid only for special cases and
can anytime be refuted by opposite facts. On the contrary, the law is a logical
relation between conceptual constructions; it is therefore deductible from
upper laws and enables the derivation of lower laws; it has as such a logical
necessity in concordance with its upper premises; it is not a mere statement of
probability, but has a compelling, apodictic logical value once its premises
are accepted."(Ludwig von Bertalanffy, "Kritische Theorie der Formbildung", 1928)
"Scientists whose work has no clear, practical implications would want to make their decisions considering such things as: the relative worth of (1) more observations, (2) greater scope of his conceptual model, (3) simplicity, (4) precision of language, (5) accuracy of the probability assignment." (C West Churchman, "Costs, Utilities, and Values", 1956)
"We realize, however, that all scientific laws merely represent abstractions and idealizations expressing certain aspects of reality. Every science means a schematized picture of reality, in the sense that a certain conceptual construct is unequivocally related to certain features of order in reality […]" (Ludwig von Bertalanffy, "General System Theory", 1968)
"A conceptual model is neither idle nor faithful: it is, or
rather it is supposed to be and so taken until further notice, an approximate
representation of a real thing." (Mario Bunge, "Philosophy of Physics", 1972)
"But metaphor is an indispensable tool of thought and expression - a characteristic of all human communication, even of that of the scientist. The conceptual models of cybernetics and the energy theories of psycho-analysis are, after all, only labeled metaphors." (Gregory Bateson, "Steps to an Ecology of Mind", 1972)
"[…] conceptual models, even when incorrect, are useful to the extent that criticism of the model may point to new theoretical developments." (Gregory Bateson, "Steps to an Ecology of Mind", 1972)
"Whether or not a given conceptual model or representation of a physical system happens to be picturable, is irrelevant to the semantics of the theory to which it eventually becomes attached. Picturability is a fortunate psychological occurrence, not a scientific necessity. Few of the models that pass for visual representations are picturable anyhow. For one thing, the model may be and usually is constituted by imperceptible items such as unextended particles and invisible fields. True, a model can be given a graphic representation - but so can any idea as long as symbolic or conventional diagrams are allowed. Diagrams, whether representational or symbolic, are meaningless unless attached to some body of theory. On the other hand theories are in no need of diagrams save for psychological purposes. Let us then keep theoretical models apart from visual analogues." (Mario Bunge, "Philosophy of Physics", 1973)
"A conceptual model is a qualitative description of the system and includes the processes taking place in the system, the parameters chosen to describe the processes, and the spatial and temporal scales of the processes." (A Avogadro & R C Ragaini, "Technologies for Environmental Cleanup", 1993)
"A conceptual model is a model of the projected system that
is independent of implementation details." (Michael Worboys, "GIS: A Computing Perspective",
1995)
"A conceptual model is what in the model theory is called a
set of formulas making statements about the world." (Dickson Lukose [Eds.], "Conceptual
Structures: Fulfilling Peirce's Dream" Vol 5, 1997)
"A conceptual model is a representation of the system expertise using this formalism. An internal model is derived from the conceptual model and from a specification of the system transactions and the performance constraints." (Zbigniew W. Ras & Andrzej Skowron [Eds.], Foundations of Intelligent Systems: 10th International Symposium Vol 10, 1997)
"When we entrust the domain of values to those whose
intellectual concerns are essentially centred on empirical facts, and whose
conceptual frameworks are inevitably constructed around sets of empirical
facts, we need not be surprised if the result is moral confusion." (Ronald W K Paterson, "The New Patricians", 1998)
"The purpose of a conceptual model is to provide a vocabulary
of terms and concepts that can be used to describe problems and/or solutions of
design. It is not the purpose of a model to address specific problems, and even
less to propose solutions for them. Drawing an analogy with linguistics, a
conceptual model is analogous to a language, while design patterns are
analogous to rhetorical figures, which are predefined templates of language
usages, suited particularly to specific problems." (Peter P Chen [Ed.], "Advances
in Conceptual Modeling", 1999)
"The understanding of a thing begins and ends with some conceptual model of it. The model is the better, the more accurate, and inclusive. But even rough models can be used to guide - or misguide - research." (Bunge A Mario, "Philosophy in Crisis: The Need for Reconstruction", 2001)
"As the least conscious layer of the user experience, the conceptual model has the paradoxical quality of also having the most impact on usability. If an appropriate conceptual model is faithfully represented throughout the interface, after users recognize and internalize the model, they will have a fundamental understanding of what the application does and how to operate it." (Bob Baxley, "Making the Web Work: Designing Effective Web Applications", 2002)
"Sometimes, however, a conceptual model is only a first step, and the second step is a mathematical representation of the conceptual model." (Gregory N Derry, "What Science Is and How It Works", 2002)
"A conceptual model is one which reflects reality by placing words which are concepts into the model in the same way that the model aeroplane builder puts wings, a fuselage, and a cockpit together." (Lynn Basford & Oliver Slevin, "Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Caring Practice", 2003)
"A conceptual model is simply a framework or schematic to understand the interaction of workforce education and development systems with other variables in a society." (Jay W Rojewski, "International Perspectives on Workforce Education and Development", 2004)
"A conceptual model is a mental image of a system, its components, its interactions. It lays the foundation for more elaborate models, such as physical or numerical models. A conceptual model provides a framework in which to think about the workings of a system or about problem solving in general. An ensuing operational model can be no better than its underlying conceptualization." (Henry N Pollack, "Uncertain Science … Uncertain World", 2005)
"[...] a single thing may elicit several appearances, various conceptual models of it, or several plans of action for it, depending on the subject’s abilities and interests." (Mario Bunge, "Chasing Reality: Strife over Realism", 2006)
"Although fiction is not fact, paradoxically we need some fictions, particularly mathematical ideas and highly idealized models, to describe, explain, and predict facts. This is not because the universe is mathematical, but because our brains invent or use refined and law-abiding fictions, not only for intellectual pleasure but also to construct conceptual models of reality." (Mario Bunge, "Chasing Reality: Strife over Realism", 2006)
"At all events, our world pictures may have components of all three kinds: perceptual, conceptual, and praxiological (action-theoretical). This is because there are three gates to the outer world: perception, conception, and action. However, ordinarily only one or two of them need be opened: combinations of all three, as in building a house according to a blueprint, are the exception. We may contemplate a landscape without forming either a conceptual model of it or a plan to act upon it. And we may build a theoretical model of an imperceptible thing, such as an invisible extrasolar planet, on which we cannot act." (Mario Bunge, "Chasing Reality: Strife over Realism", 2006)
"The role of conceptual modelling in information systems development during all these decades is seen as an approach for capturing fuzzy, ill-defined, informal 'real-world' descriptions and user requirements, and then transforming them to formal, in some sense complete, and consistent conceptual specifications." (Janis A Burbenko jr., "From Information Algebra to Enterprise Modelling and Ontologies", Conceptual Modelling in Information Systems Engineering, 2007)
"Like a physical model, a conceptual model is an artificial system. It is however, made up of conceptual, and not physical components." (Ibrahim A Halloun, "Modeling Theory in Science Education", 2007)
"The first function of a conceptual model is relating the research to the existing body of literature. With the help of a conceptual model a researcher can indicate in what way he is looking at the phenomenon of his research."(Jan Jonker & Bartjan Pennink, "The Essence of Research Methodology" , 2010)
"A conceptual model is a qualitative description of 'some aspect of the behaviour of a natural system'. This description is usually verbal, but may also be accompanied by figures and graphs." (Howard S Wheater et al., "Groundwater Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, 2010)
"[…] a conceptual model is a diagram connecting variables and constructs based on theory and logic that displays the hypotheses to be tested." (Mary Wolfinbarger Celsi et al, "Essentials of Business Research Methods", 2011)
"A conceptual model of an interactive application is, in summary: the structure of the application - the objects and their operations, attributes, and relation-ships; an idealized view of the how the application works – the model designers hope users will internalize; the mechanism by which users accomplish the tasks the application is intended to support." (Jeff Johnson & Austin Henderson, "Conceptual Models", 2011)
"Conceptual models are best thought of as design-tools - a way for designers to straighten out and simplify the design and match it to the users’ task-domain, thereby making it clearer to users how they should think about the application. The designers’ responsibility is to devise a conceptual model that seems natural to users based on the users’ familiarity with the task domain. If designers do their job well, the conceptual model will be the basis for users’ mental models of the application." (Jeff Johnson & Austin Henderson, "Conceptual Models", 2011)
"The conceptual model is not the users’ mental model of the application. […] users of an application form mental models of it to allow them to predict its behavior. A mental model is the user’s high-level understanding of how the application works; it allows the user to predict what the application will do in response to various user-actions. Ideally, a user’s mental model of an application should be similar to the designers’ conceptual model, but in practice the two models may differ significantly. Even if a user’s mental model is the same as the designer’s conceptual model, they are distinct models." (Jeff Johnson & Austin Henderson, "Conceptual Models", 2011)
"Simply put, a conceptual model is a simplified representation of reality, devised for a certain purpose and seen from a certain point of view."(David W Emble & Bernhard Thalheim, "Handbook of Conceptual Modeling", 2012)
"Briefly, a conceptual model is the configuration of conceptual elements and the navigation between them. As such, a conceptual model is the foundation of the user interface of any interactive system." (Avi Parush, "Conceptual Design for Interactive Systems", 2015)
"A conceptual model is a framework that is initially used in research to outline the possible courses of action or to present an idea or thought. When a conceptual model is developed in a logical manner, it will provide a rigor to the research process." (N Elangovan & R Rajendran, "Conceptual Model: A Framework for Institutionalizing the Vigor in Business Research", 2015)
"Once we understand our user's mental model, we can capture it in a conceptual model. The conceptual model is a representation of the mental model using elements, relationships, and conditions. Our design and final system will be the tangible result of this conceptual model." (Pau Giner & Pablo Perea, "UX Design for Mobile, 2017)
"A model or conceptual model is a schematic or representation that describes how something works. We create and adapt models all the time without realizing it. Over time, as you gain more information about a problem domain, your model will improve to better match reality." (James Padolsey, "Clean Code in JavaScript", 2020)
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